Fisher, Edward W,Fishman, Jonathan
Publication date 19-03-2024
Bolton, Lauren,Young, Kenneth,Ray, Jaydip,Chawdhary, Gaurav
Publication date 17-11-2023
Objective Temporal bone dissection is a difficult skill to acquire, and the challenge has recently been further compounded by a reduction in conventional surgical training opportunities during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Consequently, there has been renewed interest in ear simulation as an adjunct to surgical training for trainees. We review the state-of-the-art virtual temporal bone simulators for surgical training.
Materials and methodsA narrative review of the current literature was performed following a Medline search using a pre-determined search strategy.
Results and analysis Sixty-one studies were included.
There are five validated temporal bone simulators: Voxel-Man, Cardinal Sim, Ohio State University Simulator, Melbourne Universitys Virtual Reality Surgical Simulation and Visible Ear Simulator. The merits of each have been reviewed, alongside their role in surgical training.
Conclusion Temporal bone simulators have been demonstrated to be useful adjuncts to conventional surgical training methods and are likely to play an increasing role in the future.
Alshatti, Asmaa,Webb, Christopher
Publication date 23-11-2023
Objective To review the literature comparing functional endoscopic sinus surgery to dupilumab for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, in terms of symptom control, cost-effectiveness and complications.
MethodA literature review was conducted using Pub Med, Science Direct and Cochrane databases. Data were extracted manually.
ResultsA total of six papers relevant to the main objective were found.
Conclusion Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps has a significant impact on patients’ quality of life. Both functional endoscopic sinus surgery and dupilumab achieve comparable disease control and result in good symptom relief. Dupilumab is far more expensive than functional endoscopic sinus surgery and is not considered cost-effective for the time being. This is expected to change after 10 years when the drug patent expires. More research is needed to compare the complications of both treatment modalities.
Karamitsou, Paraskevi,Poutoglidis, Alexandros,Sismanis, Aristides,Georgalas, Christos
Publication date 21-11-2023
Objective To map Greek academic otolaryngologists, and assess gender, age and location-related differences in their rank and academic productivity.
MethodsA pre-established database of local and diaspora scientists was used, after adjustment and updating for otolaryngology.
The following data were recorded: age, gender, academic rank, country of work, total citations and h-index of December 2022.
ResultsA total of 276 Greek academic otolaryngologists were identified in the Scopus database. Of Greek otolaryngologists, 15.9 per cent are women. Of all academic otolaryngologists, 27.1 per cent have a university post, but only 4 per cent of them are women. There is an almost linear correlation between university post ranking and citations. Otolaryngologists based in Greece accounted for 3 out of the 10 most cited Greek otolaryngologists.
Conclusion There are significant age, gender and location-related differences in academic output. The representation of women and the full use of their potential in medicine require proactive measures, to lift the burdens limiting their participation.
Spinos, Dimitrios,Doshi, Jayesh,Garas, George
Publication date 05-10-2023
Objective The National Health Service (NHS) recognised the risk to public health brought by climate change by launching the Greener NHS National Programme in 2020. These organisational changes aim to attain net zero direct carbon emissions. This article reviews the literature on initiatives aimed at mitigating the environmental impact of ENT practice.
Method Systematic review of the literature using scientific, healthcare and general interest (public domain) databases.
Results The initiatives reviewed can be broken down into strategies for mitigating the carbon footprint of long patient stay, use of operative theatres and healthcare travel. The carbon footprint of in-patient stay can be mitigated by a shift towards day-case surgery. The ENT community is currently focused on the reduction of theatre waste and the use of disposable instruments. Furthermore, supply chains and healthcare delivery models are being redesigned to reduce travel.
Conclusion Future areas of development include designing waterless theatre scrubs, waste-trapping technologies for anaesthetic gases and a continuing investment in virtual healthcare.
Ma, Xiaoyan,Shen, Weidong,Yang, Shiming,Wang, Fangyuan
Publication date 24-05-2023
Objective This study was designed to determine whether extended high-frequency audiometry was capable of better differentiating between participants with normal hearing who did or did not have subjective tinnitus.
MethodsA total of 96 study participants were enrolled: 36 patients with unilateral tinnitus, 28 patients with bilateral tinnitus and 32 volunteers as controls. All 96 participants exhibited normal audiometry findings and hearing thresholds. Extended high-frequency audiometry was used to evaluate these patients.
Results There were differences between the extended high-frequency hearing thresholds of affected and unaffected ears in those with unilateral tinnitus, and in the 20–29-year-old bilateral tinnitus group, at 11.2, 12.5 and 14 k Hz. Unilateral tinnitus subgroups had higher extended high-frequency hearing thresholds than those in control subjects, at all extended high frequencies.
Conclusion Extended high-frequency audiometry can offer additional information regarding the hearing status of patients with tinnitus who exhibit normal pure tone thresholds when analysed via conventional hearing thresholds.
Chandrasekar, Bhargavi,Milinis, Kristijonas,Lowe, Natalie,De, Sujata,Sharma, Sunil D
Publication date 02-10-2023
Objective To compare visual estimation versus ImageJ calculation of tympanic membrane perforation size in the paediatric population between clinicians of different experience.
Methods Five images of tympanic membrane perforations in children, captured using an otoendoscope, were selected. The gold standard was the ImageJ results by one consultant otologist. Consultants, registrars and Senior House Officers or equivalent were asked to visually estimate and calculate the perforation size using ImageJ software.
Results The mean difference in variation from gold standard between visual estimation and ImageJ calculation was 12.16 per cent, 95 per cent CI (10.55, 13.78) p < 0.05, with ImageJ providing a more accurate estimation of perforation. Registrars were significantly more accurate at visual estimation than senior house officers. There was no statistically significant difference in ImageJ results between the different grades.
Conclusion Using ImageJ software is more accurate at estimating tympanic membrane perforation size than visual assessment for all ENT clinicians regardless of experience.
Succar, Ana Carolina Soares,Sassi, Tyuana Sandim da Silveira,Brito Neto, Rubens Vuono de,Lourençone, Luiz Fernando Manzoni
Publication date 06-07-2023
Objective To describe the post-operative complications and audiological results related to percutaneous bone-anchored hearing devices.
MethodsA retrospective review was conducted of 44 patients with bilateral conductive or mixed hearing loss who were implanted with unilateral Baha Connect or Ponto devices. A generalised linear model for repeated measurements was used.
Results Twenty patients were Baha Connect users, and 24 were implanted with Ponto devices. Twenty-seven patients experienced complications. No fewer complications were found in the group of patients using longer abutments. When we compared the frequency of complications between Ponto and Baha Connect users, there was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.90). Free-field hearing thresholds were statistically significantly improved when we compared pre- and post-operative results (p < 0.001). Average speech perception also improved (p < 0.001).
Conclusion Despite percutaneous bone-anchored hearing devices having a high rate of complications, they provide significant audiological benefits.
Salem, Mohammed Abdelbadie,El-Kholy, Noha Ahmed,Hemdan, Ahmed,ElSobki, Ahmed Abdel-Fattah,Ghonim, Mohamed Rashad,Ghoniem, Mahitab Rashad
Publication date 30-11-2023
Background Exploratory tympanotomy in cases of traumatic ossicular disruption with intact tympanic membrane is crucial for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Performing this procedure using the endoscope is gaining popularity. Hence, this study aimed to demonstrate varieties of ossicular pathology and their management in our institution.
MethodsA retrospective evaluation was conducted of 136 ears in patients with traumatic ossicular disruption with an intact tympanic membrane, who underwent endoscopic exploratory tympanotomy. A proposed algorithm was followed, to incorporate different traumatic ossicular possibilities. Assessment of hearing outcomes and surgical complications was performed six months post-operatively.
Results Incudostapedial dislocation was the most commonly encountered type of traumatic ossicular disruption (35.3 per cent). Air conduction threshold improved significantly following endoscopic ossiculoplasty, from 50.9 ± 6.35 dB pre-operatively to 22.35 ± 3.27 dB post-operatively, with successful air–bone gap closure.
Conclusion Endoscopic ear surgery is effective in the diagnosis and management of challenging cases of post-traumatic ossicular disruption with an intact tympanic membrane.
Nishiike, S,Michiba, T,Ito, R,Ashida, N,Kato, H,Kuki, A,Ogawa, K,Tamura, K,Uetsuka, S
Publication date 30-08-2023
Objective This study aimed to quantitatively investigate airborne particle load in the operating room during endoscopic or microscopic epitympanectomy or mastoidectomy.
Method In the transcanal endoscopic ear surgery group, drilling was performed underwater. A particle counter was used to measure the particle load before, during and after drilling during transcanal endoscopic ear surgery or microscopic ear surgery. The device counted the numbers of airborne particles of 0.3, 0.5 or 1.0 μm in diameter.
Results The particle load during drilling was significantly higher in the microscopic ear surgery group (n = 5) than in the transcanal endoscopic ear surgery group (n = 11) for all particle sizes (p < 0.01). In the transcanal endoscopic ear surgery group, no significant differences among the particle load observed before, during and after drilling were seen for any of the particle sizes.
Conclusion Bone dissection carries a lower risk of airborne infection if it is performed using the endoscopic underwater drilling technique.
Hançer Arslan, G,Arslan, M,Aran, O T,Özberk, E H,Baydan Aran, M
Publication date 15-08-2023
Objective This study aimed to determine the precautions that can be taken to increase the reliability of the vestibular evoked myogenic potentials test without being affected by the asymmetry of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the issues that should be considered in the interpretation of vestibular evoked myogenic potential results if these precautions are not taken.
Method Individuals with sternocleidomastoid muscle activity of less than 30 μV in cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential testing and an asymmetry ratio of more than 0.35 were excluded. In our study, individuals were divided into different groups according to sternocleidomastoid muscle asymetry.
ResultsA total of 53 individuals were included in the study. Intergroup comparisons were made to determine the effect of electromyogram scaling and filter use on amplitude asymmetry ratio according to sternocleidomastoid muscle asymmetry.
Conclusion Keeping the sternocleidomastoid muscle asymmetry not exceeding 10 μV maximises the reliability of cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. As a result of our study, it can be concluded that in clinical applications the asymmetry should not exceed 20 μV.
Elzayat, Saad,Elgendy, Ahmed,Lasheen, Hesham,El-Deeb, Mohamed E,Aouf, Mohammad Mahmoud,Gehad, Ibrahim
Publication date 02-10-2023
Problem To assess the efficacy of budesonide intrapolyp injection in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.
Method Ninety patients were divided into three groups; group A was given oral prednisolone, group B was given budesonide intrapolyp injection weekly for five consecutive weeks and group C was given budesonide as nasal irrigation for one month. Patients were assessed using Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 22 score, total nasal polyp score, serum immunoglobulin E, absolute eosinophilic count, and morning cortisol level before treatment, one week and three months after completing their treatment.
Results Total nasal polyp score decreased significantly in all groups compared to those at baseline. Reduction in the oral and injection groups was greater than the wash group (p2 = 0.004), (p3 < 0.001), and the same trend concerning Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 22 score (p2 < 0.001), (p3 < 0.001).
Conclusion Budesonide is an effective agent used in intrapolyp injection with no documented systemic or visual side effects that has comparable results with oral steroids.
Scholman, Constanze,Zwakenberg, Manon A,Wedman, Jan,Wachters, Jan E,Halmos, Gyorgy B,van der Laan, Bernard F A M,Plaat, Boudewijn E C
Publication date 26-10-2023
Background Fibre-optic laryngoscopy is still widely used in daily clinical practice; however, high-definition laryngoscopy using narrow band imaging could be more reliable in characterising pharyngeal and laryngeal lesions.
Methods Endoscopic videos were assessed in a tertiary referral hospital by 12 observers with different levels of clinical experience. Thirty pairs of high-definition laryngoscopy with narrow band imaging and fibre-optic laryngoscopy videos were judged twice, with an interval of two to four weeks, in a random order. Inter- and intra-observer reliability, sensitivity and specificity were calculated in terms of detecting a malignant lesion and a specific histological entity, for beginners, trained observers and experts.
Results Using high-definition laryngoscopy with narrow band imaging, inter-observer reliability for detecting malignant lesions increased from moderate to substantial in trained observers and experts (high-definition laryngoscopy with narrow band imaging κ = 0.66 and κ = 0.77 vs fibre-optic laryngoscopy κ = 0.51 and κ = 0.56, for trained observers and experts respectively) and sensitivity increased by 16 per cent.
Conclusion Inter-observer reliability increased with the level of clinical experience, especially when using high-definition laryngoscopy with narrow band imaging.
Drake, Ivy,Fountain, Hazel,Kubba, Haytham
Publication date 15-01-2024
Objective This review assessed the effectiveness of the nurse-led childrens epistaxis clinic in streamlining patient care and avoiding unnecessary general anaesthesia.
MethodsA retrospective case note review was conducted of children attending the nurse-led epistaxis clinic between 2019 and 2021.
ResultsA total of 718 children were seen over three years. Twelve (1.7 per cent) had a known coagulopathy. Of the children, 590 (82 per cent) had visible vessels and 29 (4 per cent) had mucosal crusting. Silver nitrate cautery was attempted under topical anaesthesia in 481 children, with 463 (96 per cent) successful cauterisations. Fifteen (3 per cent) were cauterised under general anaesthesia. Of the children, 706 (99 per cent) were prescribed nasal antiseptic preparations; this was the sole treatment for 58 (8 per cent). Blood investigations were requested for eight children (1 per cent) and haematology referral for three (0.4 per cent).
Conclusion This is the largest published series of childrens nosebleeds. Given the short-lived benefit from cautery, it is suggested that general anaesthesia should not be offered routinely. However, improved haematology referral criteria are required to increase underlying diagnosis.
Casellas, Nicolas J,Shah, Shalini,Ravikumar, Saiganesh,Vandjelovic, Nathan D,Faria, John,Allen, Paul D,McKenna Benoit, Margo K
Publication date 22-05-2023
Objective To compare supraglottoplasty versus non-surgical treatment in children with laryngomalacia and mild, moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnoea.
Methods Patients were classified based on their obstructive apnoea hypopnoea index on initial polysomnogram, which was compared to their post-treatment polysomnogram.
Results Eighteen patients underwent supraglottoplasty, and 12 patients had non-surgical treatment. The average obstructive apnoea hypopnoea index after supraglottoplasty fell by 12.68 events per hour (p = 0.0039) in the supraglottoplasty group and 3.3 events per hour (p = 0.3) in the non-surgical treatment group. Comparison of the change in obstructive apnoea hypopnoea index in the surgical versus non-surgical groups did not meet statistical significance (p = 0.09).
Conclusion All patients with laryngomalacia and obstructive sleep apnoea had a statistically significant improvement in obstructive apnoea hypopnoea index after supraglottoplasty irrespective of obstructive sleep apnoea severity, whereas patients who received non-surgical treatment had more variable and unpredictable results. Direct comparison of the change between the two groups did not find supraglottoplasty to be superior to non-surgical treatment. Larger prospective studies are recommended.
Yariv, Orly,Amitai, Nimrod,Nachalon, Yuval,Moore, Assaf,Popovtzer, Aron
Publication date 13-02-2023
Background Treatment selection for squamous cell carcinoma patients aged over 84 years is controversial. This retrospective chart review examined and compared characteristics of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in very elderly (over 84 years) and younger patients (approximately 65 years). The secondary objective was to further evaluate the outcome of radiotherapy as a treatment modality in this patient population.
Methods Of all 23 very elderly patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated with radiotherapy, with or without surgery, in the Davidoff Cancer Center, from 1992 to 2012, 19 had sufficient data for analysis, and comprised the study group.
Results Median age at diagnosis was 86 years. Disease stage at diagnosis was I, II, III and IVA in 53 per cent, 21 per cent, 21 per cent and 5 per cent, respectively. Median radiotherapy dose was 60 Gy given in 25 fractions. Three patients had recurrence. No patient discontinued treatment because of toxicity. Median overall survival was 3.6 years (range, 0–10 years).
Conclusion Very elderly laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients may derive a similar survival advantage as younger counterparts. Modern radiotherapy is effective and safe for treating laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in this study population. Further, large-scale studies are needed.
Barbour, Amy,Penman, Dawn,Kubba, Haytham
Publication date 05-10-2023
Background Thyroglossal duct cysts and dermoid cysts both commonly present as midline neck lumps in children. They are treated as separate entities with different embryological origins. There are isolated reports of thyroid gland tissue in a dermoid cyst, concurrent thyroglossal and dermoid cysts, and cysts with mixed histology. It is not known if these are rare or common.
Methods All children undergoing excision of a congenital midline neck cyst between January 2017 and December 2022 were identified. Histopathology slides were reviewed in detail.
Results In 53 children, there were 26 thyroglossal duct cysts, 24 dermoids, 1 lymph node and 2 with no diagnostic material identified. Five dermoids (28 per cent) had associated thyroid gland tissue, and 1 (4 per cent) had hybrid histology with keratinising and respiratory epithelium. Infection occurred in 17 per cent of dermoids prior to excision and 8 per cent of dermoids recurred after excision.
Conclusion Hybrid histology, infection and recurrence are all common in midline neck dermoids. A new theory for their embryological origin is proposed, with the suggestion that some may need more extensive surgery.
Suresh, Neeraj V,Go, Beatrice C,Fritz, Christian G,Harris, Jacob,Ahluwalia, Vinayak,Xu, Katherine,Lu, Joseph,Rajasekaran, Karthik
Publication date 05-10-2023
Background The fragility index represents the minimum number of patients required to convert an outcome from statistically significant to insignificant. This report assesses the fragility index of head and neck cancer randomised, controlled trials.
Methods Studies were extracted from Pub Med/Medline, Scopus, Embase and Cochrane databases.
Results Overall, 123 randomised, controlled trials were included. The sample size and fragility index medians (interquartile ranges) were 103 (56–213) and 2 (0–5), respectively. The fragility index exceeded the number of patients lost to follow up in 42.3 per cent (n = 52) of studies. A higher fragility index correlated with higher sample size (r = 0.514, p < 0.001), number of events (r = 0.449, p < 0.001) and statistical significance via p-value (r = −0.367, p < 0.001).
Conclusion Head and neck cancer randomised, controlled trials demonstrated low fragility index values, in which statistically significant results could be nullified by altering the outcomes of just two patients, on average. Future head and neck oncology randomised, controlled trials should report the fragility index in order to provide insight into statistical robustness.
Chandrasiri, Scott,Sahota, Raguwinder Bindy Singh,Krishnan, Suren,Foreman, Andrew,Bassiouni, Ahmed,Jervis-Bardy, Jake,Hodge, J C
Publication date 09-10-2023
Objective Electrothermal bipolar vessel sealing devices are electrosurgical devices that seal tissues and blood vessels up to 7 mm in diameter. This paper discusses our experience using electrothermal bipolar vessel sealing devices in transoral head and neck surgery.
Methods Electrothermal bipolar vessel sealing devices were used in five patients with lesions of varying size and type within the pharyngo-larynx. These were treated transorally by the otolaryngology department at the Royal Adelaide Hospital. Either the Medtronic Liga Sure or Bi Zact devices were used for transoral resection, debulking or division of these lesions.
Results Electrothermal bipolar vessel sealing devices were considered helpful in four out of the five cases. Success was dependent on suitable transoral access. A single unsuccessful case reflected the Liga Sure jaws inability to engage a large tumour effectively.
Conclusion Electrothermal bipolar vessel sealing devices can be safely deployed transorally to treat lesions of the upper aero-digestive tract in selected patients. Further studies investigating additional indications would broaden applications of this approach.
Li, Chang Jiang,Chen, Min,Chen, Jian,Wu, Hai Tao,He, Pei Jie,Cheng, Lei
Publication date 15-09-2023
Objective To analyse the comparative clinical outcomes and clinicopathological significance of vocal fold leukoplakia lesions treated by appearance classification and traditional methods.
MethodA total of 1442 vocal fold leukoplakia patients were enrolled. Group A patients were treated according to appearance classification and Group B patients were treated according to traditional methods.
Results In Group A, 24.4, 14.9 and 60.6 per cent of patients had grade I, II and III dysplasia, respectively. Grade I dysplasia (63.4 per cent) was more than twice as frequent in Group B patients than in Group A patients, while grade II dysplasia (20.4 per cent) and grade III dysplasia (16.2 per cent) were significantly less frequent in Group B patients than in Group A patients (p = 0.000). There was a significant correlation between vocal fold leukoplakia appearance and the degree of dysplasia (p = 0.000). The recurrence and malignant transformation rates (17.6 and 31 per cent, respectively) in Group B were significantly greater than those in Group A (10.8 and 25.9 per cent, respectively) (p = 0.000).
Conclusion Vocal fold leukoplakia appearance classification is useful for guiding treatment decision-making and could help to improve therapeutic accuracy.
Hopkins, Michael E,Li, Lucy Q,Yeo, Justin JY,Hathorn, Iain
Publication date 12-09-2023
Background Following limited clinical exposure during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, a simulation-based platform aimed at providing a unique and safe learning tool was established. The aim was to improve the skills, knowledge and confidence of new ENT doctors.
Method The course was developed through 5 iterations over 28 months, moving from a half-day session to 2 full-day courses with more scenarios. Participant, faculty and local simulation team feedback drove course development. High-fidelity scenarios were provided, ranging from epistaxis to stridor, using technology including Sim Man3 G mannequin, mask-Ed™ and nasendoscopy simulators.
Results Participant feedback consistently demonstrated that the knowledge and skills acquired enhanced preparedness for working in ENT, with impact being sustained in clinical practice.
Conclusion Preparing healthcare professionals adequately is essential to enhancing patient safety. This simulation course has been effective in supporting new doctors in ENT and has subsequently been rolled out at a national level.
Flood, L M
Publication date 06-11-2023
Publication date 19-03-2024
Publication date 19-03-2024